Í nýjustu heimsskýrsla FAO um skóga, Global Forest Resources Assessments report, sem kom út í fyrra, segir meðal annars að í ræktuðum skógum sé að verða til timburauðlind sem muni hafa mikið að segja um viðar- og orkuframboð á komandi árum en um leið hafa víðtækan félagslegan og umhverfislegan ávinning.
Fyrir aldarfjórðungi eða svo var gróðursett skóglendi um fjögur prósent af skóglendi jarðarinnar. Nú hefur þetta hlutfall aukist í tæp sjö prósent. En úr þessum sjö prósentum skóglendis jarðar er uppskorinn að minnsta kosti þriðjungur þess viðar sem mannkynið notar. Því verður ekki ofsögum sagt um mikilvægi ræktaðra skóga.
Um þetta er fjallað í fréttabréfi IUFRO, alþjóðasambands skógrannsóknarstofnana. Þar er rætt við dr Christophe Orazio sem starfar hjá evrópsku skógastofnuninni EFI og stýrir vinnuhópi IUFRO um sjálfbæra nytjaskóga fyrir grænni framtíð, Task Force on Sustainable Planted Forests for a Greener Future. Orazio segir hópinn líta á ræktaða skóga sem hreina viðbót við náttúruskóga.
Auk þess efnahagslega ávinnings sem er að ræktuðum skógum bendir Orazio á að þeir bindi mikinn koltvísýring, dragi úr sókn í villta skóga og vinni gegn skógareyðingu. Skógrækt sé ein leiðin til aðlögunar að loftslagsbreytingum og vegna þess að um 80% gróðursettra skóga séu vaxnir innlendum tegundum séu áhrif skógræktar á líffjölbreytni takmörkuð.
Með fjölbreytilegri landnotkun þar sem nytjaskógur er ræktaður á afmörkuðum svæðum í bland við annars konar landnotkun er líka leið til að draga úr líkunum á því að skógrækt á tilteknu landsvæði stofni vernd líffjölbreytni í hættu, segir Orazio jafnframt.
„Ræktaðir skógar stuðla líka að því að útrýma fátækt og þeir eru meginþáttur í því að koma á grænu hagkerfi enda styrkja þeir ekki eingöngu stoðir timburiðnaðarins heldur einnig ýmissa greina sem nú eru í miklum vexti eins og framleiðslu plastefna úr trjáviði sem kalla mætti lífplast, lífefnaiðnaðar, og líforkuframleiðslu,“ segir Orazio.
Vinnuhópurinn var settur á fót af hálfu IUFRO í fullvissu þess að efld alþjóðleg rannsóknar- og þróunarsamvinna væri forsenda fyrir sjálfbærri þróun ræktaðra skóga. Orazio bendir á að alheimsvæðingin, sem eykur líkurnar á flutningi ágengra lífvera um heiminn, geti ógnað einsleitum skógum þar sem sama trjátegundin er ræktuð á stórum svæðum. Vinnuhópurinn kanni nú í samstarfi við vinnuhópi um líffjölbreytni hvernig best verði háttað blandskógrækt með tveimur tegundum í stað einsleitrar ræktunar.
He noted that globalization, by facilitating the movement of invasive species, can be a threat to monoculture stands and said his Task Force is working with the biodiversity Task Force to explore setting up mixed, two-species plantations.
Two other key considerations are climate change and population growth. When those are factored in, Dr. Orazio said, priorities – geographic regions where the need for planted forests can be considered more urgent – can be identified.
In many developing countries, smallholders and farmers own planted forests and depend on them for their livelihoods. In addition, a large number of people – especially women – gain employment from nursery operations, land preparation, plantation establishment, stand management and maintenance from wood-based industries.
"Africa, as an example, is one of the areas that would benefit from sustainable planted forests where they can help combat deforestation and help provide fuel, food and employment to a rapidly growing population," he said.
The Task Force's main outcomes will result from a focus on some key issues related to sustainable intensification – the intensification of planted forest management aimed at meeting the increasing need for forest products by a growing population, and doing this in a sustainable manner.
Among the Task Force's deliverables will be a joint scientific journal paper and a technical 'state of knowledge' brief on planted forests, and preparation of a scientific journal on "New Practices, Management Tools and Approaches" in industrial tree plantations in the tropics and subtropics. The Task Force will also contribute to the organization of the 4th International Congress on Planted Forests in China in 2018.
The Task Force on Sustainable Planted Forests for a Greener Future is one of several established by IUFRO to advance knowledge under five research themes in accordance with the IUFRO 2015-19 Strategy.
The five themes are: Forests, Soil and Water Interactions; Forests for People; Forests and Climate Change; Forests and Forest-based Products for a Greener Future; and Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Biological Invasions.
For more information about the IUFRO Task Force on Sustainable Planted Forests for a Greener Future, please visit:
http://www.iufro.org/science/task-forces/planted-forests/
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IUFRO Spotlight #41, published in November 2016
by IUFRO Headquarters, Vienna, Austria.
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